The Searching Wolf



The Gray Wolf Course

13. Age, Disease, and Injury

  1. Age
    1. Longevity
    2. Determining a wolf's age
  2. Disease
    1. Viruses
      1. Distemper
      2. Rabies
      3. Parvovirus
    2. Parasites
      1. Internal
        1. Flukes
        2. Tapeworms
        3. Roundworms
        4. Thorny-headed worms
      2. External
        1. Lice
        2. Fleas
        3. Ticks
        4. Tongue worm
        5. Mange mites
    3. Other
      1. Bacteria
      2. Tumors
  3. Injury
    1. Prey-caused
    2. Falls
    3. Drowning
    4. Fights between wolves
    5. Encounters with other predators

Resources

Articles and Reports

Bailey, T.N., E.E. Bangs, and R.O. Peterson. 1995. Exposure of wolves to canine parvovirus and distemper on the Kenai National Refuge, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, 1976-1998. Pages 441-446 In Carbyn, L.N., S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip, Editors. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute: Edmonton, AB.

Ballard, W.B. and P.R. Krausman. 1997. Occurrence of rabies in wolves of Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:242-245.

Brand, C.J., M.J. Pybus, W.B. Ballard, and R.O. Peterson. 1995. Infections and parasitic diseases of the gray wolf and their potential effects on wolf populations in North America. Pages 419-430 In Carbyn, L.N., S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip, Editors. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute: Edmonton, AB.

Constable, P., K. Hinchcliff, N. Demma, M. Callahan, B. Dale, K. Fox, L. Adams, R. Wack, and L. Kramer. 1998. Electrocardiographic consequences of a peripatetic lifestyle in gray wolves (Canis lupus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 120:557-563.

Constable, P., K. Hinchcliff, N. Demma, M. Callahan, B. Dale, K. Fox, L. Adams, R. Wack, and L. Kramer. 1998. Serum biochemistry of captive and free-ranging gray wolves (Canis lupus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29:435-440.

Delgiudice, G.D., L.D. Mech, and U.S. Seal. 1988. Gray wolf density and its association with weights and hematology of pups from 1970 to 1988. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27:630-636.

Drag, M.D. 1991. Hematologic values of captive Mexican wolves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52:1891-1892.

Guberti, V., L. Stancampiano, and F. Francisci. 1993. Intestinal helminth parasite community in wolves (Canis lupus) in Italy. Parassitologia 35:59-65.

Johnson, M.R. 1995. Rabies in wolves and its potential role in a Yellowstone wolf population. Pages 431-440 In Carbyn, L.N., S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip, Editors. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute: Edmonton, AB.

Kazmierczak, J.J., E.C. Burgess, and T.E. Mundson. 1988. Susceptibility of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) to infection with the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24:522-527.

Khan, M.A., S.M. Goyal, S.L. Diesch, L.D. Mech, and S.H. Fritts. 1991. Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in Minnesota wolves. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27:248-253.

Johnson, M.R., D.K. Boyd, and D.H. Pletscher. 1994. Serologic investigations of canine parvovirus and canine distemper in relation to wolf (Canis lupus) pup mortalities. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30:270-273.

Kreeger, T.J., V.B. Kuechle, L.D. Mech, J.R. Tester, and U.S. Seal. 1990. Physiological monitoring of gray wolves (Canis lupus) by radiotelemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 71:258-261.

Kreeger, T.J., U.S. Seal, M. Callahan, and M. Beckel. 1990. Treatment and prevention with ivermectin of dirofilariasis and ancylostomiasis in captive gray wolves (Canis lupus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21:310-317.

LaJeunesse, T.A. and R.O. Peterson. 1993. Marrow and kidney fat as condition indices in gray wolves. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21:87-90.

Landon, D.B., C.A. Waite, R.O. Peterson, and L.D. Mech. 1998. Evaluation of age determination techniques for gray wolves. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:674-682.

Likhotop, R.I. 1994. Cranial and dentition anomalies in wolf of the Ukrainian territory. Vestnik Zoologii (3):45-50.

Mallory, F.F., T.L. Hillis, C.G. Blomme, and W.G. Hurst. 1994. Skeletal injuries of an adult timber wolf, Canis lupus, in northern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 108:230-232.

Marquard-Petersen, U. 1997. Endoparasites of Arctic wolves in Greenland. Arctic 50:349-354.

Martinello, F., F. Galuppo, F. Ostanello, V. Guberti, and S. Prosperi. 1997. Detection of canine parvovirus in wolves from Italy. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:628-631.

Mech, L.D., U.S. Seal, and G.D. Delgiudice. 1987. Use of urine in snow to indicate condition of wolves. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:10-13.

Mech, L.D. 1988. Longevity in wild wolves. Journal of Mammalogy 69:197-198.

Mech, L.D. and S.M. Goyal. 1993. Canine parvovirus effect on wolf population change and pup survival. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:330-333.

Mech, L.D. and S.M. Goyal. 1994. Correction: Canine parvovirus effect on wolf population change and pup survival (Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:330-333 (1993)). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30:479.

Mech, L.D. and S.M. Goyal. 1995. Effects of canine parvovirus on gray wolves in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:565-570.

Mech, L.D. and H.J. Kurtz. 1999. First record of coccidiosis in wolves, Canis lupus, Canadian Field-Naturalist 113:305-306.

Mech, L.D., H.J. Kurtz, and S. Goyal. 1997. Death of a wild wolf from canine parvoviral enteritis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:321-322.

Messier, F., M.E. Rau, and M.A. McNeill. 1989. Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda:Taeniidae) infections and moose-wolf population dynamics in southwestern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:216-219.

Moneer, M.A., I.O. Farah, K.A. Pomeroy, S.M. Goyal, and L.D. Mech. 1988. Detection of parvoviruses in wolf feces by electron microscopy. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24:170-172.

Pasitschniak-Arts, M., M.E. Taylor, and L.D. Mech. 1988. Note on skeletal injuries in an adult Arctic wolf. Arctic and Alpine Research 20:360-365.

Theberge, J.B., G.J. Forbes, I.K. Barker, and T. Bollinger. 1994. Rabies in wolves of the Great Lakes region. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30:563-566.

Thieking, A., S.M. Goyal, R.F. Bey, K.I. Loken, L.D. Mech, R.P. Thiel, and T.P. O'Connor. 1992. Seroprevalence of Lyme disease in gray wolves from Minnesota and Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28:177-182.

Thomas, P.A. 1994. Dosimetry of 210Po in humans, caribou, and wolves in northern Canada. Health Physics 66:678-690.

Valkenburgh, B. 1988. Incidence of tooth breakage among large predatory mammals. American Naturalist 13:291-302.

Vilà, C., V. Urios, and J. Castroviejo. 1993. Tooth losses and anomalies in the wolf (Canis lupus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:968-971.

Warner, S. and J. Wagner. 1998. Canine Heartworm (Diroflaria immitis). Wolf Hybrid Times April:16-19.

Weiler, G.J., G.W. Garner, and D.G. Ritter. 1995. Occurrence of rabies in a wolf population in northeastern Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31:79-82.

Wheler, C.L. and A.M. Pocknell. 1996. Ectopic perianal gland tumor in a timber wolf. Canadian Veterinary Journal 37:41-42.

Wobeser, G. 1992. Traumatic, degenerative, and developmental lesions in wolves and coyotes from Saskatchewan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28:268-275.

Zarnke, R.L., D.E. Worley, J.M. Ver Hoef, and M.E. McNay. 1999. Trichinella sp. in wolves from interior Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35:94-97.

Books, Monographs, and Proceedings

Mech, L.D. 1970. The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Natural History Press/Doubleday Publishing Co.: Garden City, NY. (Chapter XI - "Factors Harmful to the Wolf")

Mech, L.D., L.G. Adams, T.J. Meier, J.W. Burch, and B.W. Dale. 1998. The Wolves of Denali. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN.

Thorne, E.T., N. Kingston, W.R. Jolley, R.C. Bergstrom, Editors. 1982. Diseases of Wildlife in Wyoming. Wyoming Game and Fish Department: Cheyenne, WY.