12. Interactions With Other Predators

1. Wolf-small predator interactions
   1. Generalities
   2. Wolf interactions with specific small predators
      1. Red fox
      2. Wolverine
      3. Lynx
      4. Coyote
2. Wolf-large predator interactions
   1. Generalities
   2. Wolf interactions with specific large predators
      1. Cougar
      2. Bears
         1. Black bears
         2. Grizzly bears
         3. Polar bears

Ballard, W.B. 1982. Gray wolf-brown bear relationships in the Nelchina Basin of south-central Alaska. Pages 71-80 In Harrington, F.H. and P.C. Paquet, Editors. Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes Publications: Park Ridge, NJ.

Ballard, W.B. 1980. Brown bear kills gray wolf. Canadian Field-Naturalist 94:91.

Boyd, D.K. and G.K. Neale. 1992. An adult cougar, Felis concolor, killed by gray wolves, Canis lupus, in Glacier National Park, Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 106:524-525.

Dekker, D. 1989. Population fluctuations and spatial relationships among wolves, Canis lupus, coyotes, Canis latrans, and red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 103:261-264.

Dekker, D. 1996. Predator or prey?: Observations on the relationships between wolves and other predators. International Wolf 6(4):7-10.

Carbyn, L. 1982. Coyote population fluctuations and spatial distribution in relation to wolf territories in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist 96:176-183.

Gehring, T.M. 1993. Adult black bear, Ursus americanus, displaced from a kill by a wolf, Canis lupus, pack. Canadian Field-Naturalist 107:373-374.

Horejsi, B.L., G.E. Hornbeck, and R.M. Raine. 1984. Wolves, Canis lupus, kill female black bear, Ursus americanus, in Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 98:368-369.

Hornbeck, G.E. and B.L. Horejsi. 1986. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, ursurps wolf, Canis lupus, kill. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100:259-260.

Kehoe, N.M. 1995. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, - wolf, Canis lupus, interaction in Glacier National Park, Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 109:117-118.

Kunkel, K.E. and L.D. Mech. 1994. Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northwestern Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1557-1565.

Kunkel, K.E., T.K. Ruth, D.H. Pletscher, and M.G. Hornocker. 1999. Winter prey selection by wolves and cougars in and near Glacier National Park, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:901-910.

Lent, P.C. 1964. Tolerance between grizzlies and wolves. Journal of Mammalogy 45:304-305.

Paquet, P.C. and L.N. Carbyn. 1986. Wolves, Canis lupus, killing denning black bears, Ursus americanus, in the Riding Mountain National Park area. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100:371-372.

Ramsay, M. and I. Stirling. 1984. Interactions of wolves and polar bears in northern Manitoba. Journal of Mammalogy 65:693-694.

Rogers, L. and L.D. Mech. 1981. Interactions of wolves and black bears in northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 62:434-436.

Turbak, G. 1998. When carnivores clash: What happens when hunter becomes hunted? National Wildlife 36:32-39.

Veitch, A.M., W.E.Clark, and F.H. Harrington. 1993. Observations of an interaction between a barren-ground black bear, Ursus americanus, and a wolf, Canis lupus, at a wolf den in northern Laborador. Canadian Field-Naturalist 107:95-97.

White, P.A. and D.K. Boyd. 1989. A cougar, Felis concolor, kitten killed and eaten by gray wolves, Canis lupus, in Glacier National Park, Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 103:408-409.

Mech, L.D. 1970. The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Natural History Press/Doubleday Publishing Co.: Garden City, NY. (Chapter X - "Relations With Nonprey Species")

Mech, L.D., L.G. Adams, T.J. Meier, J.W. Burch, and B.W. Dale. 1998. The Wolves of Denali. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN.

Murie, A. 1944. The Wolves of Mount McKinley. United States National Park Service Fauna Series 5:1-238.

Murie, A. 1981. The Grizzlies of Mount McKinley. United States National Park Service Fauna Series 14:1-251.