The Searching Wolf



The Gray Wolf Course

16. Recovery

  1. Types of wolf recovery
    1. Natural recovery (Recolonization)
    2. Reintroduction
  2. Requirements for a wolf recovery plan
  3. Natural recoveries now in progress
    1. Great Lakes region
    2. Montana
  4. Reintroductions now in progress
    1. Red wolf,Canis rufus: Eastern North Carolina
    2. Gray wolf, Canis lupus: Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho
    3. Mexican gray wolf, Canis lupus baileyi: Arizona and New Mexico
  5. Proposed recovery areas
    1. Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire
    2. Adirondacks
    3. Southern Rocky Mountains
    4. Olympic National Park
    5. Cascade Mountains
    6. California
  6. European wolf recovery

Resources

Articles

Bangs, E., J. Fontain, M. Jimenez, T. Meier, C. Niemeyer, D. Smith, K. Murphy, D. Guernsey, L. Handegard, M. Collinge, R. Krischke, J. Shivik, C. Mack, I. Babcock, V. Asher, and D. Domenici. 2001. Gray wolf restoration in the northwestern United States. Endangered Species UPDATE 18(4):147-152.

Bath, A.J. and T. Buchanan. 1989. Attitudes of interest groups in Wyoming toward wolf restoration in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:519-525.

Bean, M.J. 2000. Tenth Circuit Court upholds wolf reintroduction. Endangered Species UPDATE 17(2):26-27.

Cecil, M. Winter 1996-97. The wolf prospect brightens. Defenders 72(1):28-33.

Chadwick, D.H. 1998. Return of the gray wolf. National Geographic 193(5):72-99.

Cheater, M. 1998. Wolf spirit returns to Idaho. National Wildlife 36(5):32-41.

Daerr, E.G. 2000. A howling success. National Parks 74(11-12):24-29.

Enck, J.W. and T.L. Brown. 2002. New Yorkers' attitudes toward restoring wolves to the Adirondack Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:16-28.

Fascione, N. and S. Kendrot. Winter 2000-2001. The northeastern wolf question. Defenders 76(1):27-33.

Fascione, N., L.G.L. Osborn, S.R. Kendrot, and P.C. Paquet. 2001. Canis soupus: Eastern wolf genetics and its implications for wolf recovery in the northeast United States. Endangered Species UPDATE 18(4):159-163.

Ferris, R. 1997. Will wolves return to the Olympic Peninsula? International Wolf 7(3):18-19.

Forbes, G.J. and J.B. Theberge. 1996. Cross-boundary management of Algonquin Park wolves. Conservation Biology 10:1091-1097.

Fritts, S.H., E.E. Bangs, J.A. Fontaine, M.R. Johnson, M.K. Phillips, E.D. Koch, and J.R. Gunson. 1997. Planning and implementing a reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. Restoration Ecology 5:7-27.

Gibson, N. 1997. The two sides of wolf restoration: Recolonization and reintroduction. International Wolf 7(2):3-4.

Glowa, J. 1996. Have wolves returned to the Northeast? International Wolf 6(4):17-19.

Hutchinson, J., D. Mech, and P. Paquet. 2001. Gray wolf reintroduction in Adirondack Park. International Wolf 11(2):8-10.

Licht, D. 1993. Wolves attempt to colonize the Dakotas. International Wolf 3(2):21-22.

Licht, D.S. and S.H. Fritts. 1994. Gray wolf (Canis lupus) occurrences in the Dakotas. American Midland Naturalist 132:74-81.

McNulty, T. 1997. Olympic Park's Missing Predator. Defenders 72)(3):6-13.

Mech, L.D. 1995. The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology 9:270-278.

Mech, L.D. 1998. Estimated costs of maintaining a recovered wolf population in agricultural regions of Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:817-822.

Mech, L.D. 2001. Managing MInnesota's recovered wolves. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:70-77.

Mitchell, K. 1998. The act of saving the wolf. Endangered Species Bulletin 23(2-3):14-17.

Phillips, M. 1997. In support of reintroduction. International Wolf 7(2):5-8.

Phillips, M.K. 1998. Individual rights and the Endangered Species Act: The Yellowstone wolf reintroduction as a case study. International Wolf 8(2):9-12.

Pletscher, D.H., R.R. Ream, D.K. Boyd, M.W. Fairchild, and K.E. Kunkel. 1997. Population dynamics of a recolonizing wolf population. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:459-465.

Ream, B. 1997. In support of recolonization. International Wolf 7(2):8-9.

Robinson, M. 1994. Wolf recovery debate moves to Colorado. Endangered Species UPDATE 11(12):19-20.

Savage, H. 1996. Wolves for the Adirondacks? Defenders 71(3):6-13.

Savage, H. 1996. Lake Superior's wolf comeback. Defenders 71(4):18-22.

Snape, W.J. III. 2000. Big win for wolves. Defenders 75(2):6-7.

Sneed, P.G. 2001. The feasibility of gray wolf reintroduction to the Grand Canyon ecoregion. Endangered Species UPDATE 18(4):153-158.

Thiel, R.P. 1996. The wolf returns to central Wisconsin. International Wolf 6(2):3-7.

Thurber, J.M., R.O. Peterson, T.D. Drummer, and S.A. Thomasma. 1994. Gray wolf response to refuge boundaries and roads in Alaska. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:61-68.

Treves, A., R.R. Jurewicz, and L. Naughton-Treves. 2002. Wolf depredation on domestic animals in Wisconsin, 1976-2000. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:231-241.

Wilkinson, T. 1993. Bringing back the pack. National Parks 67(5-6):24-29.

Wydeven, A.P., T.K. Fuller, W. Weber, and K. MacDonald. 1998. The potential for wolf recovery in the northeastern United States via dispersal from southeastern Canada. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:776-784.

Reports

Anon. May 1990. Wolves for Yellowstone? A Report to the United States Congress, Volume II: Research and Analysis. U.S. National Park Service, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190. 589 pages.

Anon. May 1994. The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho: Final Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 8017, Helena, MT 59601. 562 pages.

Anon. May 1994. The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho: Summary of Final Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 8017, Helena, MT 59601. 23 pages.

Anon. June 1995. Reintroduction of the Mexican Wolf Within Its Historical Range in the Southwestern United States: Draft Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87103. 416 pages.

Anon. Nov. 1996. Reintroduction of the Mexican Wolf Within Its Historical Range in the Southwestern United States: Final Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87103. 360 pages.

Anon. 1996. Status Report for the Mexican Wolf Recovery Program (April 1995- April 1996). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87103. 10 pages.

Bednarz, James C. 1988. The Mexican Wolf: Biology, History, and Prospects for Reestablishment in New Mexico (Endangered Species Report 18). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87103. 70 pages.

Esher, Robert J., Dwight K. Bradshaw and Ted Simons. June 1990. Red Wolf Propagation on Horn Island, Mississippi: Red Wolf Ecological Studies - Final Report (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 6). U.S. National Park Service and. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 25 pages.

Fritts, Steven H., William J. Paul, L. David Mech, and David P. Scott. 1992. Trends and Management of Wolf-Livestock Conflicts in Minnesota (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 181). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 27 pages.

Fuller, Todd K. Mar. 9, 1995. Guidelines for Gray Wolf Management in the Northern Great Lakes Region (International Wolf Center Technical Report #271). International Wolf Center, 1396 Hwy. 169, Ely, MN 55731. 20 pages.

Gill, John D. (Editor). Feb. 1991. Restoration of Wolves in North America (The Wildlife Society, Technical Review 91-1). The Wildlife Society, 5410 Grosvenor Ln., Bethesda, MD 20814. 21 pages.

Harrison, Daniel J. and Theodore G. Chapin. Mar. 4, 1997. An Assessment of Potential Habitat for Eastern Timber Wolves in the Northeastern United States and Connectivity with Occupied Habitat in Southeastern Canada: A summary report and position paper prepared for the Wildlife Conservation Society (Working Paper No. 7). Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th St. and Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460. 12 pages.

Lucash. Christopher and Barron Crawford. Oct. 1993. Experimental Release of Red Wolves into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: April 6, 1990-September, 15, 1992 (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 8). . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 14 pages.

Parker, Warren T. Feb. 1987. A Plan for Reestablishing the Red Wolf on Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 1). . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 21 pages.

Parker, Warren T. Feb. 1987. A Strategy for Establishing and Utilizing Red Wolf Populations on Islands (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 2). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 8 pages.

Parker, Warren T. May 1988. A Historic Perspective of Canis rufus and its Recovery Potential (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 3). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 17 pages.

Parker, Warren T. Apr. 1989. An Overview and Guide for "Experimental Population" Designations (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 4). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 10 pages.

Parker, Warren T. Sept. 1989. Red Wolf Taxonomy: A Review (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 5). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 14 pages.

Parker, Warren T. Oct. 1990. A Proposal to Reintroduce the Red Wolf into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 7). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 34 pages.

Parker, Warren T., Roland Smith, Tom Foose, and U.S. Seal. Oct. 26, 1990. Red Wolf: Recovery/Species Survival Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 110 pages.

Phillips, Michael K. Jan. 1994. Reestablishment of Red Wolves in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina: September 14, 1987 through September 30, 1992 (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 10). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, Ga. 26 pages.

Ream, R.R., D.H. Pletscher, D.K. Boyd, and M.W. Fairchild. 1991. Population Dynamics and Movements of Recolonizing Wolves in the Glacier National Park Area. Annual Report: Sept. 1, 1990 - Aug. 31, 1991. Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 21pages.

Strong, Forrest (Compiler). Sept. 5, 1994. Summary of Wolf Occurrence Data Collected by the Northern New Mexico Wolf Project. Northern New Mexico Wolf Project, 87 Granada Dr., Los Alamos, NM 87544. 73 pages.

Tilt, Whitney, Ruth Norris, and Amos S. Eno. April 1987. Wolf Recovery in the Northern Rocky Mountains. National Audubon Society, 801 Pennsylvania Ave., S.E., Washington, DC 20003 and National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 18th and C Sts., N.W., Washington, DC 20240. 32 pages.

Varley, John D. and Wayne G. Brewster (Editors). July 1992. Wolves for Yellowstone? A Report to the United States Congress, Volume III: Executive Summary. U.S. National Park Service, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190. 63 pages.

Varley, John D. and Wayne G. Brewster (Editors). July 1992. Wolves for Yellowstone? A Report to the United States Congress, Volume IV: Research and Analysis. National Park Service, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190. 750 pages.

Waddell, Will, V. Gary Henry, Michael K. Phillips, and Chris Lucash (Compilers). May 1994. Red Wolf Bibliography (Red Wolf Management Series, Technical Report No. 9). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA. 34 pages.

Weise, Thomas F., William L. Robinson, Richard A. Hook, and L. David Mech. May 19, 1975. An Experimental Translocation of the Eastern Timber Wolf. (Audubon Conservation Report No. 5). Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 3, Federal Building, Fort Snelling, Twin Cities, MN 55111. 26 pages.

Wise, Carla, Jeffrey J. Yeo, Dale Goble, James M. Peek, and Jay O'Laughlin. Feb. 1991. Wolf Recovery in Central Idaho: Alternative Strategies and Impacts (Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group, Report No. 4). University of Idaho. 36 pages.

Books, Monographs, and Proceedings

Bass, R. 1998. The New Wolves. The Lyons Press: New York.

Elhard, J.R. 1996. Wolf Tourist: One Summer in the West. Utah State University Press: Logan, UT.

Ferguson, G. 1996. The Yellowstone Wolves: The First Year. Falcon Press: Helena, MT.

Fischer, H. 1995. Wolf Wars: The Remarkable Inside Story of the Restoration of Wolves to Yellowstone. Falcon Press Publishing Co., Inc.: Helena and Billings, MT.

Grooms, S. 1993. The Return of the Wolf. NorthWord Press Inc.: Minocqua, WI.

McNamee, T. 1997. The Return of the Wolf to Yellowstone. Henry Holt and Company: New York.

Milstein,. M. 1995. Wolf: Return to Yellowstone. The Billings Gazette: Billings, MT.

Phillips, M.K. and D.W. Smith. 1996. The Wolves of Yellowstone. Voyageur Press, Inc.: Stillwater, MN.

Schullery, P. , Editor. 1996. The Yellowstone Wolf: A Guide & Sourcebook. High Plains Publishing Co.: Worland, WY.

Videos

Canis Lupus Returns. 1995. 58 minutes. UWTV: Laramie, WY.

Front Runner. 1992. 29 minutes. The Heartland Series, WBIR-TV: Knoxville, TN. (Chronicles the first red wolf reintroduction effort.)

Return of the Wolves. 1993. 58 minutes. University of Utah Press: Salt Lake City, UT.

The Wolf: Returns to Yellowstone. 1997. 19:38 minutes. Yellowstone Gray Wolf Restoration Project: Yellowstone National Park, WY.