• Klinghammer, Erich, Monty Sloan and DeWayne Kline. 1990. Wolf Literature References. Institute of Ethology, North American Wildlife Park Foundation, Inc., Battle Ground, IN. 130 pages, softcover.
  

  This organization claims to be in the process of updating this bibliography. Keep an eye out for the new edition.

• Knee, Michael. 1995. Wolves: A Bibliography and Guide to the Literature 1968-1987. Click this link and get a first-rate wolf bibliography.

  This is massive and will give your printer a real workout. But it is very well done. A must have for the serious wolf person.

• MacLaren, E. (Compiler and Annotator), and L.N. Carbyn and E.L. Maloney (Editors). 1997. Wolves - Ecology, Conservation, and Management: An Annotated Bibliography (Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Northern Reference Series, Number 6). Canadian Circumpolar Institute (CCI) Press. 198 pages, softcover.

  This is an expanded and annotated version of the bibliography of "Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World," Edited by L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip (Canadian Circumpolar Institute, 1995).

• Mech, L. David. 1981 (reprint of the 1970 edition). The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 384 pages, softcover.

• Mech, L. David and Luigi Boitani (Editors). 2003. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chigago, Chicago. 448 pages, hardcover.

• Okarma, Henryk. Bibliography of Wolf Literature.

  European wolf references.

• Young, Stanley P. and Edward A. Goldman. 1964 (reprinted in two parts with corrections of the 1944 edition). The Wolves of North America. Dover Publications, New York. 646 pages - both parts.

Barsh, R.L. and C. Marlor,
Driving Bison and Blackfoot Science,
Human Ecology 31(4):571-593 (2003).

Brantingham, P.J.,
Hominid-carnivore coevolution and invasion of the predatory guild,
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17(4):327-353 (1998).

Stiner, M.C.,
Food procurement and transport by human and non-human predators,
Journal of Archaeological Science 18:455-482 (1991).

Andersson, K.,
Were there pack-hunting canids in the Tertiary, and how can we know?,
Paleobiology 31(1):56–72 (2005).

Kohn, M.J., M.P. McKay, and J.L. Knight,
Dining in the pleistocene - Who's on the menu?,
Geology 33(8):649-652 (2005).

Dayan, T., D. Wool, and D. Simberloff,
Variation and covariation of skulls and teeth: Modern carnivores and the interpretation of fossil mammals,
Paleobiology 28(4):508-526 (2002).

Hadly, E.A.,
Fidelity of terrestrial vertebrate fossils to a modern ecosystem,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 149(1):389-409 (1999).

Janis, C.M. and P. B. Wilhelm,
Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the Tertiary? Dances with wolf avatars,
Journal of Mammalian Evolution 1(2):103-125 (1993).

MacPhee, R.D.E., A.N. Tikhonov, D. Mol, C. de Marliave, H. van der Plicht, A.D. Greenwood, C. Flemming, and L. Agenbroad,
Radiocarbon chronologies and extinction dynamics of the Late Quaternary mammalian megafauna of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russian Federation,
Journal of Archaeological Science 29(9):1017-1042 (2002).

Palmqvist, P., D.R. Grocke, A. Arribas, and R.A. Farina,
Paleoecological reconstruction of a lower Pleistocene large mammal community using biogeochemical (delta C-13, delta N-15, delta O-18, Sr:Zn) and ecomorphological approaches,
Paleobiology 29(2):205-229 (2003).

Sotnikova, M.V., V.S. Baigusheva, and V.V. Titov,
Carnivores of the Khapry faunal assemblage and their stratigraphic implications,
Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 10(4):375-390 (2002).

Steele, T.E.,
Using mortality profiles to infer behavior in the fossil record,
Journal of Mammalogy 84(2):418-430 (2003).

Tchernov, E. and E. Tsoukala,
Middle Pleistocene (Early Toringian) carnivore remains from northern Israel,
Quaternary Research 48(1):122-136 (1997).

Torres, N.T.,
The carnivore remains from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain),
Journal of Human Evolution 33(2/3):155-174 (1997).

Van Valkenburgh, B. and T. Sacco,
Sexual dimorphism, social behavior, and intrasexual competition in large Pleistocene carnivorans,
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(1):164-169 (2002).

Binder, W.J., E.N. Thompson, and B. Van Valkenburgh,
Temporal variation in tooth fracture among Rancho La Brea dire wolves,
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(2):423-428 (2002).

Coltrain, J.B., J.M. Harris, T.E. Cerling, J.R. Ehleringer, M.D. Dearing, J. Ward, and J. Allen,
Rancho La Brea stable isotope biogeochemistry and its implications for the palaeoecology of late Pleistocene, coastal southern California,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 205(3-4):199-219 (2004).

Duckler, G.L. and B. Van Valkenburgh,
Exploring the health of late Pleistocene mammals: The use of Harris lines,
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(1):180-188 (1998).

Van Valkenburgh, B. and F. Hertel,
Tough times at La Brea: Tooth breakage in large carnivores of the late Pleistocene,
Science 261(5120):456-459 (1993).

Wang, X.,
Pleistocene dire wolf remains from the Kansas river with notes on dire wolves in Kansas,
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas (137):1-8 (1990).

Wroe, S., C. McHenry, and J. Thomason,
Bite club: Comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa,
Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B-Biological Sciences 272(1563):619-625 (2005).

Bardeleben, C., R.L. Moore, and R.K. Wayne,
Isolation and molecular evolution of the selenocysteine tRNA (Cf TRSP) and RNase P RNA (Cf RPPH1) genes in the dog family, Canidae,
Molecular Biology and Evolution 22(2):347-359 (2005).

Federoff, N.E. and F. Kueppers,
Polymorphism of alpha1-antitrypsin in North American species of Canis,
Journal of Heredity 91(2):174-176 (2000).

Geffen, E., M.E. Gompper, J.L. Gittleman, H.-K. Luh, D.W. Macdonald, and R.K. Wayne,
Size, life-history traits, and social organization in the Canidae: A reevaluation,
American Naturalist 147(1):140-160 (1996).

Grewal, S.K., P.J. Wilson, T.K. Kung, K. Shami, M.T. Theberge, J.B. Theberge, and B.N. White,
A genetic assessment of the eastern wolf (Canis lycaon) in Algonquin Provincial Park,
Journal of Mammalogy 85(4):625–632 (2004).

Hong, L. and S. Li-Ming,
The mitochondrial DNA evolution of four species of canidae,
Acta Theriologica Sinica 42(1):87-95 (1996) (In Chinese with English summary).

Ishiguro, N., A. Nakajima, M. Horiuchi, and M. Shinagawa,
Multiple nuclear pseudogenes of mitochondrial DNA exist in the canine genome,
Mammalian Genome 13(7):365-372 (2002).

Kruska, D.C.T.,
On the evolutionary significance of encephalization in some eutherian mammals: Effects of adaptive radiation, domestication, and feralization,
Brain, Behavior and Evolution 65(2):73-108 (2005).

Lyras, G.A. and A.A.E. Van der Geer,
External brain anatomy in relation to the phylogeny of Caninae (Carnivora : Canidae),
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 138(4):505-522 (2003).

Mech, L.D. and N.E. Federoff,
Alpha1-Antitrypsin polymorphism and systematics of eastern North American wolves,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(5):961-963 (2002).

Murray, D.L. and S. Lariviere,
The relationship between foot size of wild canids and regional snow conditions: Evidence for selection against a high footload?,
Journal of Zoology (London) 256(3):289-299 (2002).

Nowak, R.M.,
The original status of wolves in eastern North America,
Southeastern Naturalist 1(2):95-130 (2002).

Nowak R. M. and N.E. Federoff,
The systematic status of the Italian wolf Canis lupus,
Acta Theriologica 47(3):333-338 (2002).

Roy, M.S., E. Geffen, D. Smith, E.A. Ostrander, and R.K. Wayne,
Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci,
Molecular Biology and Evolution 11(4):553-570 (1994).

Seddon, J.M. and H. Ellegren,
A temporal analysis shows major histocompatibility complex loci in the Scandinavian wolf population are consistent with neutral evolution,
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 271(1554):2283-2291 (2004).

Tedford, R.H., B.E. Taylor, and X. Wang,
Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae): The living taxa,
American Museum Novitates (3146):1-37 (1995).

Wayne, R.K.,
Molecular evolution of the dog family,
Trends in Genetics 9(6):218-224 (1993).

Wayne, R.K., E. Geffen, D.J. Girman, K.P. Koepfli, L.M. Lau, and C.R. Marshall,
Molecular systematics of the Canidae,
Systematic Biology 46(4):622-653 (1997).

Wilson, P.J., S. Grewal, I.D. Lawford, J.N.M. Heal, A.G. Granacki, D. Pennock, J.B. Theberge, M.T. Theberge, D.R. Voigt, W. Waddell, R.E. Chambers, P.C. Paquet, G. Goulet, D. Cluff, and B.N. White,
DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(12):2156-2166 (2000).

Wilson, P.J., S. Grewal, T. McFadden, R.C. Chambers, and B.N. White,
Mitochondrial DNA extracted from eastern North American wolves killed in the 1800s is not of gray wolf origin,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(5):936-940 (2003).

Boitani, L. and P. Ciucci,
Comparative social ecology of feral dogs and wolves,
Ethology Ecology & Evolution 7(1):49-72 (1995).

Brisbin, I.L., Jr. and T.S. Risch,
Primitive dogs, their ecology and behavior: Unique opportunities to study the early development of the human-canine bond,
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210(8):1122-1126 (1997).

Clark, K.M.,
Neolithic dogs: A reappraisal based on evidence from the remains of a large canid deposited in a ritual feature,
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6(2):211-219 (1996).

Federoff, N.E. and R.M. Nowak,
Man and his dog,
Science 278(5336):205 (1997) (Letter).

Goodwin, D., J.W.S. Bradshaw, and S.M. Wickens,
Paedomorphosis affects agonistic visual signals of domestic dogs,
Animal Behaviour 53(2):297-304 (1997).

Hare, B., M. Brown, C. Williamson, and M. Tomasello,
The domestication of social cognition in dogs,
Science 298(5598):1634-1636 (2002).

Koler-Matznick, J.,
The origin of the dog revisited,
Anthrozoos 15(2):98-118 (2002).

Leonard, J.A., R.K. Wayne, J. Wheeler, R. Valadez, S. Guillén, and C. Vilà,
Ancient DNA evidence for old world origin of new world dogs,
Science 298(5598):1613-1616 (2002).

Nara, H., M. Inoue-Murayama, A. Koshimura, A. Sugiyama, Y. Murayama, M. Maejima, Y. Ueda, H. Ito, E. Randi, H.-S. Kim, J.-H. Ha, H. Kitagawa, Y. Takeuchi, Y. Mori, T. Iwasaki, M. Morita, K. Ôta, and S. Ito,
Novel polymorphism of the canine dopamine receptor D4 gene intron II region,
Animal Science Journal 76(1):81-86 (2005).

Parker, H.G., L.V. Kim, N.B. Sutter, S. Carlson, T.D. Lorentzen, T.B. Malek, G.S. Johnson, H.B. DeFrance, E.A. Ostrander, and L.Kruglyak,
Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog,
Science 304(5674): 1160-1164 (2004).

Saetre, P., J. Lindberg, J.A. Leonard, K. Olsson, U. Pettersson, H. Ellegren, T.F. Bergstrom, C. Vilà, and E. Jazin,
From wild wolf to domestic dog: Gene expression changes in the brain,
Molecular Brain Research 126(2):198-206 (2004).

Savolainen, P., Y. Zhang, J. Luo, J. Lundeberg, and T. Leitner,
Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of domestic dogs,
Science 298(5598):1610-1613 (2002).

Seddon, J.M. and H. Ellegren,
MHC class II genes in European wolves: A comparison with dogs,
Immunogenetics 54(7):490-500 (2002).

Sharma, D.K., J.E. Maldonado, Y.V. Jhala, and R.C. Fleischer,
Ancient wolf lineages in India,
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 271(Suppl. 3):S1-S4 (2004).

Tchernov, E. and F.F. Valla,
Two new dogs, and other Natufian dogs, from the southern Levant,
Journal of Archaeological Science 24(1):65-95 (1997).

Tsuda, K., Y. Kikkawa, H. Yonekawa, and Y. Tanabe,
Extensive interbreeding occurred among multiple matriarchal ancestors during the domestication of dogs: Evidence from inter- and intraspecies polymorphisms in the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA between dogs and wolves,
Genes & Genetic Systems 72(4):229-238 (1997).

Vilà, C., J. Maldonado, I.R. Amorim, R.K. Wayne, K.A. Crandall, and R.L. Honeycutt,
Man and his dog,
Science 278(5336):205-206 (1997) (Lettter).

Vilà, C., J.E. Maldonado, and R.K. Wayne,
Phylogenetic relationships, evolution, and genetic diversity of the domestic dog,
Journal of Heredity 90(1):71-77 (1999).

Vilà, C., P. Savolainen, J.E. Maldonado, I.R. Amorim, J.E. Rice, R.L. Honeycutt, K.A. Crandall, J. Lundeberg, and R.K. Wayne,
Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog,
Science 276(5319):1687-1689 (1997).

Vilà:, C., J. Seddon, and H. Ellegren,
Genes of domestic mammals augmented by backcrossing with wild ancestors,
Trends in Genetics 21(4):214-218 (2005).

Ash, N.J.,
Expansion of Ethiopian wolf conservation to northern Ethiopia,
Canid News 4:2 (2001) [online].

Ashenafi, Z.T., T. Coulson, C. Sillero-Zubiri, and N. Leader-Williams,
Behaviour and ecology of the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) in a human-dominated landscape outside protected areas,
Animal Conservation 8(2):113-121 (2005).

Gottelli, D., J. Marino, C. Sillero-Zubiri, and S.M. Funk,
The effect of the last glacial age on speciation and population genetic structure of the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis),
Molecular Ecology 13(8):2275-2286 (2004).

Gottelli, D. and C. Sillero-Zubiri,
The Ethiopian wolf - an endangered endemic canid,
Oryx 26(4):205-214 (1992).

Gottelli, D., C. Sillero-Zubiri, G.D. Applebaum, M.S. Roy, D.J. Girman, J. Garcia-Moreno, E.A. Ostranders, and R.K.Wayne,
Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: The Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis,
Molecular Ecology 3(4):301-312 (1994).

Haydon, D.T., M.K. Laurenson, and C. Sillero-Zubiri,
Integrating epidemiology into population viability analysis: Managing the risk posed by rabies and canine distemper to the Ethiopian wolf,
Conservation Biology 16(5):1372-1385 (2002).

Laurenson, K., C. Sillero-Zubiri, H. Thompson, F. Shiferaw, S. Thirgood, and J. Malcolm,
Disease as a threat to endangered species: Ethiopian wolves, domestic dogs and canine pathogens,
Animal Conservation 1(4):273-280 (1998).

Malcolm, J.,
The diet of the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis Ruppell) from a grassland area of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia,
African Journal of Ecology 35(2):162-164 (1997).

Marino, J.,
Threatened Ethiopian wolves persist in small isolated Afroalpine enclaves,
Oryx 37(1):62-71 (2003).

Randall, D.A., S.D. Williams, I.V. Kuzmin, C.E. Rupprecht, L.A. Tallents, Z. Tefera, K. Argaw, F. Shiferaw, D.L. Knobel, C. Sillero-Zubiri, and M.K. Laurenson,
Rabies in endangered Ethiopian wolves,
Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(12):2214-2217 (2004).

Sillero-Zubiri, C.,
Field immobilization of Ethiopian wolves,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32(1):147-151 (1996).

Sillero-Zubiri, C. and D. Gottelli,
Diet and feeding behavior of Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis),
Journal of Mammalogy 76(2):531-541 (1995).

Sillero-Zubiri, C. and D. Gottelli,
Spatial organization in the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis: Large packs and small stable home ranges,
Journal of Zoology (London) 237(1):65-81 (1995).

Sillero-Zubiri, C., D. Gottelli, and D.W. Macdonald,
Male philopatry, extra pack copulations and inbreeding avoidance in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis),
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38(5):331-340 (1996).

Sillero-Zubiri, C., P.J. Johnson, and D.W. Macdonald,
A Hypothesis for breeding synchrony in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis),
Journal of Mammalogy 79(3):853-858 (1998).

Sillero-Zubiri, C., A.A. King, and D.W. Macdonald,
Rabies and mortality in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis),
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32(1):80-86 (1996).

Sillero-Zubiri, C. and D.W. Macdonald,
Scent-marking and territorial behaviour of Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis,
Journal of Zoology (London) 245(3):351-361 (1998).

Sillero-Zubiri, C., F.H. Tattersall, and D.W. Macdonald,
Bale Mountains rodent communities and their relevance to the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis),
African Journal of Ecology 33(4):301-320 (1995).

Sillero-Zubiri, C., F.H. Tattersall, and D.W. Macdonald,
Habitat selection and daily activity of giant molerats Tachyoryctes macrocephalus: Significance to the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis in the Afroalpine ecosystem,
Biological Conservation 72(1):77-84 (1995).

Stephens, P.A., C.A. d'Sa, C. Sillero-Zubiri, and N. Leader-Williams,
Impact of livestock and settlement on the large mammalian wildlife of Bale Mountains National Park, southern Ethiopia,
Biological Conservation 100(3):307-322 (2001).

Whitby, J.E., P. Johnstone, and C. Sillero-Zubiri,
Rabies virus in the decomposed brain of an Ethiopian wolf detected by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(4):912-915 (1997).

Ballard, W.B., L.A. Ayres, K.E. Roney, and T.H. Spraker,
Immobilization of gray wolves with a combination of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride,
Journal of Wildlife Management 55(1):71-74 (1991).

Chakraborty, G. and A.K Das,
Xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in a Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus chanco),
Indian Veterinary Journal 71(10):1047 (1994).

Holz, P., R.M. Holz, and J.E.F. Barnett,
Effects of atropine on medetomidine/ketamine immobilization in the gray wolf (Canis lupus),
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25(2):209-213 (1994).

Kreeger, T.J., M. Callahan, and M. Beckel,
Use of medetomidine for chemical restraint of captive gray wolves (Canis lupus),
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27(4):507-512 (1996).

Kreeger, T.J., R.E. Mandsager, U.S. Seal, M. Callahan, and M. Beckel,
Physiological response of gray wolves to butorphanol-xylazine immobilization and antagonism by naloxone and yohimbine,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25(1):89-94 (1989).

Kreeger, T.J. and U.S. Seal,
Immobilization of gray wolves (Canis lupus) with sufentanil citrate,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26(4):561-563 (1990).

Kreeger, T.J., U.S. Seal, M. Callahan, and M. Beckel,
Use of xylazine sedation with yohimbine antagonism in captive wolves,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24(4):688-690 (1988).

Kreeger, T.J., U.S. Seal, M. Callahan, and M. Beckel,
Physiological and behavioral responses of gray wolves (Canis lupus) to immobilization with tiletamine and zolazepam,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26(1):90-94 (1990).

Servin, J. and C. Huxley,
Immobilization of wild carnivores using a ketamine and xylazine mixture,
Veterinaria (Mexico City) 23(2):135-139 (1992) (In Spanish with English abstract).

Vilà, C. and J. Castroviejo,
Use of tiletamine and zolazepam to immobilize captive Iberian wolves (Canis lupus),
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30(1):119-122 (1994).

Andersson, K.I.,
Elbow-joint morphology as a guide to forearm function and foraging behaviour in mammalian carnivores,
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142(1):91-104 (2004).

Breit, S. and W. Künzel,
Auxiliary synovial structures for the brachial biceps and brachial muscles at the elbow joint in dogs and cats compared to wolf, tiger and cougar - Part I: dog (Canis lupus f. familiaris) and wolf (Canis lupus),
Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift 86(10):323-329 (1999) (In German with English summary).

Christiansen, P. and J.S. Adolfssen,
Bite forces, canine strength and skull allometry in carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora),
Journal of Zoology (London) 266(2):133-151 (2005).

Clutton-Brock, J., A.C. Kitchener, and J.M. Lynch,
Changes in the skull morphology of the Arctic wolf, Canis lupus arctos, during the twentieth century,
Journal of Zoology (London) 233(1):19-36 (1994).

Dayan, T., D. Simberloff, E. Tchernov, and Y. Yom-Tov,
Canine carnassials: Character displacement in the wolves, jackals and foxes of Israel,
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45(4):315-331 (1992).

Endo, H., I. Obara, T. Yoshida, M. Kurohmaru, Y. Hayashi, and N. Suzuki,
Osteometrical and CT examination of the Japanese wolf skull,
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 59(7):531-538 (1997).

Endo, H., H. Taru, K. Nakamura, H. Koie, Y. Yamaya, and J. Kimura,
MRI examination of the masticatory muscles in the gray wolf (Canis lupus), with special reference to the M. temporalis,
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 61(6):581-586 (1999).

Gipson, P.S., E.E. Bangs, T.N. Bailey, D.K. Boyd, H.D. Cluff, D.W. Smith, and M.D. Jiminez,
Color patterns among wolves in western North America,
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(3):821-830 (2002).

Hart, J.P. and D.H. Jamieson,
Estimating the weight of wolves, Canis lupus, from chest girth measurements,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(2):313-314 (2002).

Hell, P.,
Dental anomalies among West Carpathian wolves and their significance in dog breeding,
Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 36(4):266-269 (1990) (In German with English
summary).

Hillis, T.L. and F.F. Mallory,
Sexual dimorphism in wolves (Canis lupus) of the Keewatin District, Northwest Territories, Canada,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 74(4):721-725 (1996).

Ivanoff, D.V.,
Origin of the septum in the canid auditory bulla: Evidence from morphogenesis,
Acta Theriologica 45(2):253-270 (2000).

Ivanoff, D.V.,
Partitions in the carnivoran auditory bulla: Their formation and significance for systematics,
Mammal Review 31(1):1-16 (2001).

Lokhotop, R.I.,
Cranial and dentition anomalies in wolf of the Ukrainian territory,
Vestnik Zoologii 94(3):45-50 (1994) (In Russian with English summary).

Meyer, W. and A. Tsukise,
Lectin histochemistry of snout skin and foot pads in the wolf and the domesticated dog (Mammalia: Canidae),
Annals of Anatomy 177(1):39-49 (1995).

Okarma, H. and T. Buchalczyk,
Craniometrical characteristics of wolves Canis lupus from Poland,
Acta Theriologica 38(3):253-262 (1993).

Peichl, L.,
Catecholaminergic amacrine cells in the dog and wolf retina,
Visual Neuroscience 7(6):575-587 (1991).

Peichl, L.,
Morphological types of ganglion cells in the dog and wolf retina,
Journal of Comparative Neurology 324(4):590-602 (1992).

Peichl, L.,
Topography of ganglion cells in the dog and wolf retina,
Journal of Comparative Neurology 324(4):603-620 (1992).

Shabadash, S.A. and T.I. Zelikina,
The tail gland of canids,
Biological Bulletin 31(4):367-376 (2004).

Smirnov, M.N. and V.V. Shurygin,
Winter coloration of hair-covering of wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) from Tuva,
Byulleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody (Otdel Biologicheskij)
99(1):14-16 (1991) (In Russian with English summary).

Behavior: Captive Wolves

Bernal, J.F. and J.M. Packard,
Differences in winter activity, courtship, and social behavior of two captive family groups of Mexican wolves (Canis lupus baileyi),
Zoo Biology 16(5):435-443 (1997).

Cipponeri, T. and P. Verrell,
An uneasy alliance: Unequal distribution of affiliative interactions among members of a captive wolf pack,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(10):1763-1766 (2003).

Frezard, A. and G. Le Pape,
Contribution to the welfare of captive wolves (Canis lupus lupus): A behavioral comparison of six wolf packs,
Zoo Biology 22(1):33-44 (2003).

Kreeger, T.J., D.L. Pereira, M. Callahan, and M. Beckel,
Activity patterns of gray wolves housed in small vs. large enclosures,
Zoo Biology 15(4):395-401 (1996).

Mallonée, J.S. and P. Joslin,
Traumatic stress disorder observed in an adult wild captive wolf (Canis lupus),
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 7(2):107-126 (2004).

McLeod, P.J., W.H. Moger, J. Ryon, S. Gadbois, and J.C. Fentress,
The relation between urinary cortisol levels and social behaviour in captive timber wolves,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 74(2):209-216 (1996).

Servin, J.,
Some aspects of the social behaviour of the Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) in captivity,
Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie (45):1-28 (1991) (In Spanish with English abstract).

Townsend, S.E.,
Social context and its role in rank related behaviors in captive gray wolves,
American Zoologist 35(5):20A (1995) (Abstract: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists, Dec. 26-30, 1995).

Behavior: Communication - Scent-Marking

Asa, C.S., L.D. Mech, U.S. Seal, and E.D. Plotka,
The influence of social and endocrine factors on urine-marking by captive wolves (Canis lupus),
Hormones and Behavior 24(4):497-509 (1990).

Barja, I., F.J. de Miguel, and F. Bárcena,
The importance of crossroads in faecal marking behaviour of the wolves (Canis lupus),
Naturwissenschaften 91(10):489-492 (2004).

Briscoe, B.K., M.A. Lewis, and S.E. Parrish,
Home range formation in wolves due to scent marking,
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 64(2):261-284 (2002).

Lewis, M.A. and P. Moorcroft,
ESS anaylsis of mechanistic models for territoriality: The value of scent marks in spatial resource partitioning,
Journal of Theoretical Biology 210(4):449-461 (2001).

Lewis, M.A., K.A.J. White, and J.D. Murray,
Analysis of a model for wolf territories,
Journal of Mathematical Biology 35(7):749-774 (1997).

Paquet, P.C.,
Scent-marking behavior of sympatric wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (C. latrans) in Riding Mountain National Park,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 69(7):1721-1727 (1991).

Sargeant, G.A., D.H. Johnson, and W.E. Berg,
Interpreting carnivore scent-station surveys,
Journal of Wildlife Management 62(4):1235-1245 (1998).

Schultz, R.N. and P.C. Wilson,
Territorial marking by lone male gray wolves, Canis lupus,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(2):311-313 (2002).

Shabadash, S.A. and T.I. Zelikina,
Once more about hepatoid circumanal glands of dogs: History of their discovery and causes of revision of their structure and function,
Biology Bulletin 29(2):139-147 (2002).

Vilà, C., V. Urios, and J. Castroviejo,
Use of faeces for scent marking in Iberian wolves (Canis lupus),
Canadian Journal of Zoology 72(2):374-377 (1994).

White, K.A.J., M.A. Lewis, and J.D. Murray,
A model of wolf-pack territory formation and maintenance,
Journal of Theoretical Biology 178(1):29-43 (1996).

Zub, K., J. Theuerkauf, W. Jedrzejewski, B. Jedrzejewska, K. Schmidt, and R. Kowalczyk,
Wolf pack territory marking in the Bialowieza primeval forest (Poland),
Behaviour 140(5):635-648 (2003).

Behavior: Communication - Vocalization

Coscia, E.M., D.P. Phillips, and J.C. Fentress,
Spectral analysis of neonatal wolf Canis lupus vocalizations,
Bioacoustics 3(4):275-294 (1991).

Feddersen-Petersen, D.,
Vocalization of European wolves (Canis lupus lupus L.) and various dog breeds (Canis lupus f. fam.),
Archiv für Tierzucht - Archives of Animal Breeding 43(4):387-397 (2000).

Fuller, T.K. and B.A. Sampson,
Evaluation of a simulated howling survey for wolves,
Journal of Wildlife Management 52(1):60-63 (1988).

Gaines, W.L., G.K. Neale, and R.H. Naney,
Response of coyotes and gray wolves to simulated howling in north-central Washington,
Northwest Science 69(3):217-222 (1995).

Gazzola, A., E. Avanzinelli, L. Mauri, M. Scandura, and M. Apollonio,
Temporal changes of howling in south European wolf packs,
Italian Journal of Zoology 69(2):157-161 (2002).

Harrington, F. H.,
Chorus howling by wolves: Acoustic structure, pack size, and the beau geste effect,
Bioacoustics 2(2):117-136 (1989).

Kappe, T.,
Subjective resource value and the intensity of threat vocalizations in European wolves (Canis lupus lupus),
Zeitschrift für Saugetierkunde - International Journal of Mammalian Biology 62(Supplement 2):97-100 (1997).

Larom, D., M. Garstang, K. Payne, R. Raspet, and M. Lindeque,
The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations,
Journal of Experimental Zoology 200(3):421-431 (1997).

Tooze, Z.J., F.H. Harrington, and J.C. Fentress,
Individually distinct vocalizations in timber wolves, Canis lupus,
Animal Behaviour 40(4):723-730 (1990).

Behavior: Pack

Creel, S.,
Dominance, aggression, and glucocorticoid levels in social carnivores,
Journal of Mammalogy 86(2):255-264 (2005).

Hernandez-Blanco, J.A., A.D. Poyarkov, and V.I. Krutova,
Wolf (Canis lupus lupus) pack organization at the Voronezh Biosphere Reserve,
Zoologichesky Zhurnal 84(1):80-93 (2005). (In Russian with English summary)

Jedrzejewski, W., K. Schmidt, B. Jedrzejewska, J. Theuerkauf, R. Kowalczyk, and K. Zub,
The process of a wolf pack splitting in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland,
Acta Theriologica 49(2):275-280 (2004).

Mech, L.D.,
Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 77(8):1196-1203 (1999).

Mech, L.D.,
Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 114(2):259-263 (2000).

Mech, L.D.,
"Standing over" and "hugging" in wild wolves, Canis lupus,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 115(1):179-181 (2001).

Mech, L.D., P.C. Wolf, and J.M. Packard,
Regurgitative food transfer among wild wolves,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 77(8):1192-1195 (1999).

Peterson, R.O., A.K. Jacobs, T.D. Drummer, L.D. Mech, and D.W. Smith,
Leadership behavior in relation to dominance and reproductive status in gray wolves, Canis lupus,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(8):1405-1412 (2002).

Sands, J. and S. Creel,
Social dominance, aggression and faecal glucocorticoid levels in a wild population of wolves, Canis lupus,
Animal Behaviour 67(3):387-396 (2004).

Smith, D., T. Meier, E. Geffen, L.D. Mech, J.W. Burch, L.G. Adams, and R.K. Wayne,
Is incest common in gray wolf packs?,
Behavioral Ecology 8(4):384-391 (1997).

Vilà, C., V. Urios, and J. Castroviejo,
Possibly not male dominated interaction among Iberian wolves (Canis lupus),
Mammalia 54(2):312-314 (1990).

Vucetich, J.A., R.O. Peterson, and T.A. Waite,
Raven scavenging favours group foraging in wolves,
Animal Behaviour 67(6):1117-1126 (2004).

Behavior: Learning and Development

Feddersen-Petersen, D.,
The ontogeny of social play and agonistic behaviour in selected canid species,
Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 42(2):97-114 (1991).

Feddersen-Petersen, D.,
Comparative studies of behavioural development of wolves (Canis lupus L) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus f. fam.): Domestication traits and selective breeding,
Tierärztliche Umschau 49(9):527-531 (1994) (In German with English abstract).

Frank, H., M.G. Frank, L.M. Hasselbach, and D.M. Littleton,
Motivation and insight in wolf (Canis lupus) and Alaskan malamute (Canis familiaris): Visual discrimination learning,
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 27(5):455-458 (1989).

Frank, M.G. and H. Frank,
Food reinforcement vs. social reinforcement in timber wolf pups,
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26(5):467-468 (1988).

McLeod, P.J.,
Developmental changes in associations among timber wolf (Canis lupus) postures,
Behavioural Processes 38(2):105-118 (1996).

McLeod, P.J. and J.C. Fentress,
Developmental changes in the sequential behavior of interacting timber wolf pups,
Behavioural Processes 39(2):127-136 (1997).

Behavior: Miscellaneous

Bascompte, J. and C. Vilà,
Fractals and search paths in mammals,
Landscape Ecology 12(4):213-221 (1997).

Boyd, D.K., D.H. Pletscher, and W.G. Brewster,
Evidence of wolves, Canis lupus, burying dead wolf pups,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 107(2):230-231 (1993).

Eilam, D.,
Influence of body morphology on turning behavior in carnivores,
Journal of Motor Behavior 26(1):3-12 (1994).

Feddersen-Petersen, D.U.,
Biology of aggression in domestic dogs,
Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 108(3):94-101 (2001) (In German with English summary).

Ivanov, V.K.,
Observations on the behavior and biology of wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) in the Ihtiman Sredna Gora Mountains,
Ekologiya (Sofia) (21):25-33 (1988).

Kuzyk, G.W. and K.M. Kuzyk,
Wolf, Canis lupus, response to domestic sled dog, Canis familiaris, activities in central Yukon,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(1):125-126 (2002).

Mech, L.D.,
Daytime activities of wolves during winter in northeastern Minnesota,
Journal of Mammalogy 73(3):570-571 (1992).

Mech, L. D.,
Details of a confrontation between two wild wolves,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 71(9):1900-1903 (1993).

Merrill, S.B. and C.R. Erickson,
A GPS-based method to examine wolf response to loud noise,
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3):769-773 (2003).

Miklosi, A., E. Kubinyi, J. Topal, M. Gacsi, Z. Viranyi, and V. Csanyi,
A simple reason for a big difference: Wolves do not look back at humans, but dogs do,
Current Biology 13(9):763-766 (2003).

Moger, W.H., L.E. Ferns, J.R. Wright, Jr., S. Gadbois, and P.J. McLeod,
Elevated urinary cortisol in a timber wolf (Canis lupus): A result of social behaviour or adrenal pathology?,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 76(10):1957-1959 (1998).

Schneider, S.M.,
Wasps' nests and wolf packs: A note on extending behavior setting theory to non-human groups,
Journal of Environmental Psychology 10(4):371-376 (1990).

Schröpfer, R. and A. Rohde,
The integration of a young female in a male pack of European wolves Canis lupus L.,
Zeitschrift für Saugetierkunde - International Journal of Mammalian Biology 62(Supplement 2):209-213 (1997).

Schultz, R.N., A.P. Wydeven, and J.M. Stewart,
Acceptance of a gray wolf, Canis lupus, pup by its natal pack after 53 days in captivity,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 113(3):509-511 (1999).

Stahler, D.R., D.W. Smith, and R. Landis,
The acceptance of a new breeding male into a wild wolf pack,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(2):360-365 (2002).

Behavior: Territoriality

Barja, I,, F.J. Miguel, and F. Bárcena,
Faecal marking behaviour of Iberian wolf in different zones of their territory,
Folia Zoologica 54(1-2):21-29 (2005).

Findo, S. and B. Chovancova,
Home ranges of two wolf packs in the Slovak Carpathians,
Folia Zoologica 53(1):17-26 (2004).

Mech, L.D.,
Buffer zones of territories of gray wolves as regions of intraspecific strife,
Journal of Mammalogy 75(1):199-202 (1994).

Mech L.D. and E.K. Harper,
Differential use of a wolf, Canis lupus, pack territory edge and core,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(2):315-316 (2002).

Behavior: Travel

Ciucci, P., M. Masi, and L. Boitani,
Winter habitat and travel route selection by wolves in the northern Apennines, Italy,
Ecography 26(2):223-235 (2003).

Frame, P.F., D.S. Hik, H.D. Cluff, and P.C. Paquet,
Long foraging movement of a denning tundra wolf,
Arctic 57(2):196-203 (2004).

Mech, L.D.,
Regular and homeward travel speeds of Arctic wolves,
Journal of Mammalogy 75(3):741-742 (1994).

Mech, L.D. and S.B. Merrill,
Daily departure and return patterns of wolves, Canis lupus, from a den at 80ºN latitude,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 112(3):515-517 (1998).

Musiani, M., H. Okarma, and W. Jedrzejewski,
Speed and actual distances travelled by radiocollared wolves in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland),
Acta Theriologica 43(4):409-416 (1998).

Theuerkauf, J., W. Jedrzejewski, K. Schmidt, H. Okarma, I. Ruczynski, S. Sniezko, and R. Gula,
Daily patterns and duration of wolf activity in the Bialowieza Forest, Poland,
Journal of Mammalogy 84(1):243-253 (2003).

Andersone, Z., V. Lucchini, E. Randi, and J. Ozolins,
Hybridization between wolves and dogs in Latvia as documented using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers,
Mammalian Biology 67(2):79-90 (2002).

Berggren, K.T. and J.M. Seddon,
MHC promoter polymorphism in grey wolves and domestic dogs,
Immunogenetics 57(3-4):267-272 (2005).

Boyd, D.K., S.H. Forbes, D.H. Pletscher, and F.W. Allendorf,
Identification of Rocky Mountain gray wolves,
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1):78-85 (2001).

Braend, M.,
Polymorphism of a serum protease inhibitor system in Alaskan wolves,
Hereditas 108(2):269-270 (1988).

Carmichael, L.E., J.A. Nagy, N.C. Larter, and C. Strobeck,
Prey specialization may influence patterns of gene flow in wolves of the Canadian Northwest,
Molecular Ecology 10(12):2787-2798 (2001).

Ciucci, P., V. Lucchini, L. Boitani, and E. Randi,
Dewclaws in wolves as evidence of admixed ancestry with dogs,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(12):2077-2081 (2003).

Creel, S., G. Spong, J.L. Sands, J. Rotella, J. Zeigle, L. Joe, K.M. Murphy, and D. Smcrok,
Population size estimation in Yellowstone wolves with error-prone noninvasive microsatellite genotypes,
Molecular Ecology 12(7):2003-2009 (2003).

Dolf, G., J. Schlapfer, C. Gaillard, E. Randi, V. Lucchini, U. Breitenmoser, and N. Stahlberger-Saitbekova,
Differentiation of the Italian wolf and the domestic dog based on microsatellite analysis,
Genetics Selection Evolution 32(5):533-541 (2000).

Ellegren, H., P. Savolainen, and B. Rosen,
The genetical history of an isolated population of the endangered grey wolf Canis lupus: A study of nuclear and mitochondrial polymorphisms,
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 351(1348):1661-1669 (1996).

Federoff, N.E.,
Malocclusion in the jaws of captive bred Arctic wolves, Canis lupus arctos,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 110(4):683-687 (1996).

Flagstad, Ø., C.W. Walker, C. Vilà, A.-K. Sundqvist, B. Fernholm, A.K. Hufthammer, Ø. Wiig, I. Koyola, and H. Ellegren,
Two centuries of the Scandinavian wolf population: Patterns of genetic variability and migration during an era of dramatic decline,
Molecular Ecology 12(4):869-880 (2003).

Forbes, S.H. and D.K. Boyd,
Genetic variation of naturally colonizing wolves in the central Rocky Mountains,
Conservation Biology 10(4):1082-1090 (1996).

Forbes, S.H. and D.K. Boyd,
Genetic structure and migration in native and reintroduced Rocky Mountain wolf populations,
Conservation Biology 11(5):1226-1234 (1997).

Fredrickson, R. and P. Hedrick,
Captivity, inbreeding, cross-lineage matings, and body size in Mexican wolves,
Endangered Species UPDATE 18(4):164-166 (2001).

Fredrickson, R. and P. Hedrick,
Body size in endangered Mexican wolves: Effects of inbreeding and cross-lineage matings,
Animal Conservation 5(1):39-43 (2002).

Garcia-Moreno, J., M.D. Matocq, M.S. Roy, E. Geffen, and R.K. Wayne,
Relationships and genetic purity of the endangered Mexican wolf based on analysis of microsatellite loci,
Conservation Biology 10(2):376-389 (1996).

Gronek, P., K. Nuc, D. Napierala, A. Plawski, M. Zajac, T. Banasiewicz, and R. Slomski,
Sequence polymorphism of exon 17 of the ryanodine receptor gene (ryr1) in the Canidae,
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 9(4):721-726 (2000).

Hedrick, P., R. Fredrickson, and H. Ellegren,
Evaluation of d², a microsatellite measure of inbreeding and outbreeding, in wolves with known pedigree,
Evolution 55(6):1256-1260 (2001).

Hedrick, P.W. and S.T. Kalinowski,
Inbreeding depression in conservation biology,
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:139-162 (2000).

Hedrick, P.W., R.N. Lee, and C. Buchanan,
Canine parvovirus enteritis, canine distemper, and major histocompatibility complex genetic variation in Mexican wolves,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(4):909-913 (2003).

Hedrick, P.W., R.N. Lee, and K.M. Parker,
Major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) variation in the endangered Mexican wolf and related canids,
Heredity 85(6):617-624 (2000).

Hedrick, P.W., P.S. Miller, E. Geffen, and R. Wayne,
Genetic evaluation of the three captive Mexican wolf lineages,
Zoo Biology 16(1):47-69 (1997).

Inoue-Murayama, M., N. Matsuura, Y. Murayama, T. Tsubota, T. Iwasaki, H. Kitagawa, and S. Ito,
Sequence comparison of the dopamine receptor D4 Exon III repetitive region in several species of the order Carnivora,
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64(8):747-749 (2002).

Jedrzejewski, W., W. Branicki, C. Veit, I. Medugorac, M. Pilot, A.N. Bunevich, B. Jedrzejewska, K. Schmidt, J. Theuerkauf, H. Okarma, R. Gula, L. Szymura, and M. Förster,
Genetic diversity and relatedness within packs in an intensely hunted population of wolves Canis lupus,
Acta Theriologica 50(1):3-22 (2005).

Kennedy, L.J., A. Barnes, G.M. Happ, R.J. Quinnell, O. Courtenay, S.D. Carter, W.E.R. Ollier, and W. Thomson,
Evidence for extensive DLA polymorphism in different dog populations,
Tissue Antigens 60(1):43-52 (2002).

Kennedy, P.K., M.L. Kennedy, P.L. Clarkson, and I.S. Liepins,
Genetic variability in natural populations of the gray wolf, Canis lupus,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 69(5):1183-1188 (1991).

Laikre, L. and N. Ryman,
Inbreeding depression in a captive wolf (Canis lupus) population,
Conservation Biology 5(1):33-40 (1991).

Laikre, L., N. Ryman, and E.A. Thompson,
Hereditary blindness in a captive wolf (Canis lupus) population: Frequency reduction of a deleterious allele in relation to gene conservation,
Conservation Biology 7(3):592-601 (1993).

Laikre, L., H. Tegelström, and H.P. Gelter,
DNA fingerprints of captive wolves (Canis lupus),
Hereditas 117(3):293-296 (1992).

Lehman, N., P. Clarkson, L.D. Mech, T.J. Meier, and R.K. Wayne,
A study of the genetic relationships within and among wolf packs using DNA fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA,
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 30(2):83-94 (1992).

Lehman, N., A. Eisenhawer, K. Hansen, L.D. Mech, R.O. Peterson, P.J.P. Gogan, and R.K. Wayne,
Introgression of coyote mitochondrial DNA into sympatric North American gray wolf populations,
Evolution 45(1):104-119 (1991).

Lorenzini, R. and R. Fico,
A genetic investigation of enzyme polymorphisms shared by wolf and dog: Suggestions for conservation of the wolf in Italy,
Acta Theriologica 40(Supplement 3):101-110 (1995).

Lucchini, V., E. Fabbri, F. Marucco, S. Ricci, L. Boitani, and E. Randi,
Noninvasive molecular tracking of colonizing wolf (Canis lupus) packs in the western Italian Alps,
Molecular Ecology 11(5):857-868 (2002).

Lucchini V., A. Galov, and E. Randi,
Evidence of genetic distinction and long-term population decline in wolves (Canis lupus) in the Italian Apennines,
Molecular Ecology 13(3):523-536 (2004).

Pilgrim, K.L., D.K. Boyd, and S.H. Forbes,
Testing for wolf-coyote hybridization in the Rocky Mountains using mitochondrial DNA,
Journal of Wildlife Management 62(2):683-689 (1998).

Randi, E.,
Effects of fragmentation and isolation on genetic variability of the Italian populations of wolf Canis lupus and brown bear Ursus arctos,
Acta Theriologica 38(Supplement 2):113-120 (1993).

Randi, E.,
Conservation genetics of carnivores in Italy,
Comptes Rendus Biologies 326(Supplement 1):S54-S60 (2003).

Randi, E., F. Francisci, and V. Lucchini,
Mitochondrial DNA restriction-fragment-length monomorphism in the Italian wolf (Canis lupus) population,
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 33(3):97-100 (1995).

Randi, E. and V. Lucchini,
Detecting rare introgression of domestic dog genes into wild wolf (Canis lupus) populations by Bayesian admixture analyses of microsatellite variation,
Conservation Genetics 3(1):31-45 (2002).

Randi, E., V. Lucchini, M.F. Christensen, N. Mucci, S.M. Funk, G. Dolf, and V. Loeschcke,
Mitochondrial DNA variability in Italian and east European wolves: Detecting the consequences of small population size and hybridization,
Conservation Biology 14(2):464-473 (2000).

Randi, E., V. Lucchini, and F. Francisci,
Allozyme variability in the Italian wolf (Canis lupus) population,
Heredity 71(5):516-522 (1993).

Savolainen, P., L. Arvestad, and J. Lundeberg,
A novel method for forensic DNA investigations: Repeat-type sequence analysis of tandemly repeated mtDNA in domestic dogs,
Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(5):990-999 (2000).

Savolainen, P., L. Arvestad, and J. Lundeberg,
mtDNA tandem repeats in domestic dogs and wolves: Mutation mechanism studied by analysis of the sequence of imperfect repeats,
Molecular Biology and Evolution 17(4):474-488 (2000).

Savolainen, P. and J. Lundeberg,
Forensic evidence based on mtDNA from dog and wolf hairs,
Journal of Forensic Sciences 44(1):77-81 (1999).

Scandura, M., M. Apollonio, and L. Mattioli,
Recent recovery of the Italian wolf population: A genetic investigation using microsatellites,
Mammalian Biology 66(6):321-331 (2001).

Semyenova, S.K., N.A. Illarionova, V.A. Vasil'ev, A.V. Shubkina, and A.P. Ryskov,
Genetic analysis and estimation of genetic diversity of east-European breeds of windhounds (Canis familiaris L.) based on the data of genomic studies using RAPD markers,
Russian Journal of Genetics 38(6):704-713 (2002).

Sundqvist, A.-K., H. Ellegren, M. Olivier, and C. Vilà,
Y chromosome haplotyping in Scandinavian wolves (Canis lupus) based on microsatellite markers,
Molecular Ecology 10(8):1959-1966 (2001).

Tachi, C., T. Enomoto, Y. Matsubara, A. Ueda, T. Hasegawa, J. Matsuyama, M. Tsuchiya, M. Ohta, Y. Tanabe, T. Suzuki, H. Endo, T.K. Yamada, M. Kurohmaru, Y. Hayashi, Y. Asano, K. Yamanouchi, and H. Tojo,
Successful molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of partial amelogenin (AMELX) Exon DNA fragment recovered from a mounted taxidermic pelt specimen tentatively identified as an extinct wolf species, Canis lupus hodophilax Temminck, the Japanese wolf and stocked at school of agriculture and life sciences, the University of Tokyo,
Journal of Reproduction and Development 48(6):633-638 (2002).

Valiere, N., L. Fumagalli, L. Gielly, C. Miquel, B. Lequette, M.-L. Poulle, J.-M. Weber, R. Arlettaz, and P. Taberlet,
Long-distance wolf recolonization of France and Switzerland inferred from non-invasive genetic sampling over a period of 10 years,
Animal Conservation 6(1):83-92 (2003).

Vilà, C., I.R. Amorim, J.A. Leonard, D. Posada, S.J. Castroviejo, F. Petrucci-Fonseca, K.A. Crandall, H. Ellegren, and R.K. Wayne,
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf Canis lupus,
Molecular Ecology 8(12):2089-2103 (1999).

Vilà, C., A.-K. Sundqvist, Ø. Flagstad, J. Seddon, S. Björnerfeldt, I. Kojola, A. Casulli, H. Sand, P. Wabakken, and H. Ellegren,
Rescue of a severely bottlenecked wolf (Canis lupus) population by a single immigrant,
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences 270(1510):91-97 (2003).

Vilà, C., C. Walker, A.-K. Sundqvist, Ø. Flagstad, Z. Andersone, A. Casulli, I. Kojola, H. Valdmann, J. Halverson, and H. Ellegren,
Combined use of maternal, paternal and bi-parental genetic markers for the identification of wolf-dog hybrids,
Heredity 90(1):17-24 (2003).

Wayne, R.K., D. A. Gilbert, A. Eisenhawer, N. Lehman, K. Hansen, D. Girman, R.O. Peterson, L.D. Mech, P.J.P. Gogan, U.S. Seal, and R.J. Krumenaker,
Conservation genetics of the endangered Isle Royale gray wolf,
Conservation Biology 5(1):41-51 (1991).

Wayne, R.K., N. Lehman, M.W. Allard, and R.L. Honeycutt,
Mitochondrial DNA variability of the gray wolf: Genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation,
Conservation Biology 6(4):559-569 (1992).

Weckworth, B.V., S. Talbot, G.K. Sage, D.K. Person, and J. Cook,
A signal for independent coastal and continental histories among North American wolves,
Molecular Ecology 14(4):917-931 (2005).

Wurster-Hill, D.H., O.G. Ward, B.H. Davis, J. P. Park, R.K. Moyzis, and J. Meyne,
Fragile sites, telomeric DNA sequences, B chromosomes, and DNA content in raccoon dogs, Nyctereutes procyonoides, with comparative notes on foxes, coyote, wolf, and raccoon,
Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 49(4):278-281 (1988).

Health - Age Estimation & Longevity

Gipson, P.S., W.B. Ballard, R.M. Nowak, and L.D. Mech,
Accuracy and precision of estimating age of gray wolves by tooth wear,
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3):752-758 (2000).

Landon, D.B., C.A. Waite, R.O. Peterson, and L.D. Mech,
Evaluation of age determination techniques for gray wolves,
Journal of Wildlife Management 62(2):674-682 (1998).

Mech, L.D.,
Longevity in wild wolves,
Journal of Mammalogy 69(1):197-198 (1988).

Health - Blood & Heart

Constable, P., K. Hinchcliff, N. Demma, M. Callahan, B. Dale, K. Fox, L. Adams, R. Wack, and L. Kramer,
Electrocardiographic consequences of a peripatetic lifestyle in gray wolves (Canis lupus),
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 120(3):557-563 (1998).

Delgiudice, G.D., L.D. Mech, and U.S. Seal,
Gray wolf density and its association with weights and hematology of pups from 1970 to 1988,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27(4):630-636 (1991).

Drag, M.D.,
Hematologic values of captive Mexican wolves,
American Journal of Veterinary Research 52(11):1891-1892 (1991).

Guglielmini, C., F. Rocconi, L. Brugnola, C. Vantini, and F. Valerio,
Mitral insufficiency in an Arctic wolf,
Veterinary Research Communications 28(Special Issue - Supplement 1):347-349 (2004).

Health - Chemistry

Health - Chemistry - Serum Biochemistry

Constable, P., K. Hinchcliff, N. Demma, M. Callahan, B. Dale, K. Fox, L. Adams, R. Wack, and L. Kramer,
Serum biochemistry of captive and free-ranging gray wolves (Canis lupus),
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29(4):435-440 (1998).

Crissey, S., K. Ange, K. Slifka, P. Bowen, M. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, C. Langman, W. Sadler, and A. Ward,
Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites, vitamins A and E, and carotenoids in six canid and four ursid species at four zoos,
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 128(1):155-165 (2001).

Crissey, S.D., K.D. Ange, K.A. Slifka, W. Sadler, S. Kahn, and A.M. Ward,
Serum lipid concentrations in six canid and four ursid species in four zoos,
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(1):34-39 (2004).

Health - Chemistry - Metals

Crichton, V. and P.C. Paquet,
Cadmium in Manitoba's Wildlife,
Alces 36:205-216 (2000).

Gnamus, A., A.R. Byrne, and M. Horvat,
Mercury in the soil-plant-deer-predator food chain of a temperate forest in Slovenia,
Environmental Science & Technology 34(16):3337-3345 (2000).

Thelen, A. and M. Welle,
Zinc-responsive dermatosis in an Indian wolf,
Kleintierpraxis 46(7):427+ (2001).

Health - Chemistry - Organic Pollutants

Gonzalez-Barros, S.T.C., M.E. Alvarez-Pineiro, J. Simal-Lozano, and M.A. Lage-Yusty,
Levels of aliphatic hydrocarbons in viscera of wolves (Canis lupus, L.) in Galicia (Northwest Spain),
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59(4):543-547 (1997).

Gonzalez-Barros, S.T.C., M.E.A. Pineiro, J.S. Lozano, and M.A.L. Yusty,
PCBs and PCTs in wolves (Canis lupus, L.) in Galicia (N.W. Spain),
Chemosphere 35(6):1243-1247 (1997).

Gonzalez-Barros, S.T.C., M.E.A. Pineiro, J.S. Lozano, and M.A.L. Yusty,
Organochlorine residues in wolves' viscera from Galicia (N.W. Spain),
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60(5):709-715 (1998).

Gonzalez-Barros, S.T.C., M.E.A. Pineiro, J.S. Lozano, and M.A.L. Yusty,
Aliphatic hydrocarbons in wolf tissue samples from Galicia (N.W. Spain),
Chemosphere 36(3):597-602 (1998).

Kelly, B.C. and F.A.P.C. Gobas,
Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in lichen-caribou-wolf food chains of Canada's central and western Arctic,
Environmental Science & Technology 35(2):325-334 (2001).

Kelly, B.C. and F.A.P.C. Gobas,
An Arctic terrestrial food-chain bioaccumulation model for persistent organic pollutants,
Environmental Science & Technology 37(13):2966-2974 (2003).

Shore, R.F., A. Casulli, V. Bologov, C.L. Weinburg, A. Afsar, P. Toyne, and G. Dell'Omo,
Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorinated biphenyl and heavy metal concentrations in wolves (Canis lupus L. 1758) from north-west Russia,
Science of the Total Environment 280(1-3):45-54 (2001).

Health - Disease-Causing Organisms

Health - Infectious Agents - Arthropods

Dominguez, G.,
North Spain (Burgos) wild mammals ectoparasites,
Parasite 11(3):267-272 (2004).

Shelley, D.P. and T.M. Gehring,
Behavioral modification of gray wolves, Canis lupus, suffering from sarcoptic mange: Importance of sequential monitoring,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(4):648-650 (2002).

Wydeven, A.P., S.R. Boles, R.N. Schultz, and T.C.J. Doolittle,
Death of gray wolves, Canis lupus, in porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum, dens in Wisconsin,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 117(3):469-471 (2003).

Health - Infectious Agents - Bacteria

Kazmierczak, J.J., E.C. Burgess, and T.E. Amundson,
Susceptibility of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) to infection with the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24(3):522-527 (1988).

Khan, M.A., S.M. Goyal, S.L. Diesch, L.D. Mech, and S.H. Fritts,
Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in Minnesota wolves,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27(2):248-253 (1991).

Lutze-Wallace, C., G. Berlie-Surujballi, Y. Barbeau, and D. Bergeson,
Strain typing of Mycobacterium bovis from a 1978 case of tuberculosis in a wolf (Canis lupis) from Manitoba,
Canadian Veterinary Journal 46(6):502 (2005).

Tessaro, S.V. and L.B. Forbes,
Experimental Brucella abortus infection in wolves,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(1):60-65 (2004).

Thieking, A., S.M. Goyal, R.F. Bey, K.I. Loken, L.D. Mech, R.P. Thiel, and T.P. O'Connor,
Seroprevalence of Lyme disease in gray wolves from Minnesota and Wisconsin,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28(2):177-182 (1992).

Tomanova, K., I. Literak, J. Klimes, L. Pavlacik, V. Mrlik, and J. Smola,
Lawsonia intracellularis in wild mammals in the Slovak Carpathians,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(2):407-411 (2003).

Health - Infectious Agents - Fungi

Krizan, P.,
Blastomycosis in a free ranging lone wolf, Canis lupus, on the north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 114(3):491-493 (2000).

Krizan, P.,
Blastomycosis in a free ranging wolf, Canis lupus, on the north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario - A reply to P. Paquet et al.,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(1):181 (2002).

Paquet, P.C., F. Burrows, A. Forshner, G. Neale, and K. Wade,
Blastomycosis in free ranging wolves, Canis lupus, on the north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario - A response to P. Krizan,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(1):180 (2002).

Health - Infectious Agents - Parasitic Worms

Health - Infectious Agents - Worms - Flatworms

Dalimi, A., G. Motamedi, M. Hosseini, B. Mohammadian, H. Malaki, Z. Ghamari, and F. Ghaffari-Far,
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis in western Iran,
Veterinary Parasitology 105(2):161-171 (2002).

Guberti, V., L. Stancampiano, and F. Francisci,
Intestinal helminth parasite community in wolves (Canis lupus) in Italy,
Parassitologia 35(1-3):59-65 (1993).

Hirvela-Koski, V., V. Haukisalmi, S.S. Kilpela, M. Nylund, and P. Koski,
Echinococcus granulosus in Finland,
Veterinary Parasitology 111(2-3):175-192 (2003).

Martinek, K., L. Kolarova, E. Hapl, I. Literak, and M. Uhrin,
Echinococcus multilocularis in European wolves (Canis lupus),
Parasitology Research 87(10):838-639 (2001).

Messier, F., M.E. Rau, and M.A. McNeill,
Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda:Taeniidae) infections and moose-wolf population dynamics in southwestern Quebec,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(1):216-219 (1989).

Priemer, J., O. Krone, and R. Schuster,
Taenia krabbei (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) in Germany and its delimitation from T. ovis,
Zoologischer Anzeiger 241(4):333-337 (2002).

Rausch, R.L.,
Cystic echinococcosis in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic,
Parasitology 127(Supplement S):S73-S85 (2003).

Segovia, J.-M., R. Guerrero, J. Torres, J. Miquel, and C. Feliu,
Ecological analyses of the intestinal helminth communities of the wolf, Canis lupus, in Spain,
Folia Parasitologica 50(3):231-236 (2003).

Segovia, J.M., J. Torres, J. Miquel, L. Llaneza, and C. Feliu,
Helminths in the wolf, Canis lupus, from north-western Spain,
Journal of Helminthology 75(2):183-192 (2001).

Tang, C.T., Y.C. Quian, Y.M. Kang, G.W. Cui, H.C. Lu, L.M. Shu, Y.H. Wang, and L. Tang,
Study on the ecological distribution of alveolar Echinococcus in Hulunbeier Pasture of Inner Mongolia, China,
Parasitology 128(2):187-194 (2004).

Health - Infectious Agents - Worms - Round Worms

Cabaj, W., B. Moskwa, K. Pastusiak, and A. Malczewski,
Trichinellosis in wild animals and domestic pigs in Poland,
Medycyna Weterynaryjna 60(1):80-83 (2004).

Casulli, A., G. La Rosa, M. Amati, and E. Pozio,
High prevalence of Trichinella nativa infection in wolf (Canis lupus) populations in Tvier and Smoliensk regions of European Russia,
Parasite 8(Supplement 2):S88-S89 (2001).

Casulli, A., G. La Rosa, M. Amati, and E. Pozio,
Diet, prevalence of Trichinella infection, and impact of hunting in wolves (Canis lupus) of European Russia,
Parassitologia 44(Suppl. 1):45 (2002).

Kreeger, T.J., U.S. Seal, M. Callahan, and M. Beckel,
Treatment and prevention with ivermectin of dirofilariasis and ancylostomiasis in captive gray wolves (Canis lupus),
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21(3):310-317 (1990).

La Rosa, G., G. Marucci, D.S. Zarlenga, A. Casulli, R.L. Zarnke, and E. Pozio,
Molecular identification of natural hybrids between Trichinella nativa and Trichinella T6 provides evidence of gene flow and ongoing genetic divergence,
International Journal for Parasitology 33(2):209-216 (2003).

Oivanen, L., C.M.O. Kapel, E. Pozio, G. La Rosa, T. Mikkonen, and A. Sukura,
Associations between Trichinella species and host species in Finland,
Journal of Parasitology 88(1):84-88 (2002).

Pozio, E., A. Casulli, V.V. Bologov, G. Marucci, and G. La Rosa,
Hunting practices increase the prevalence of Trichinella infection in wolves from European Russia,
Journal of Parasitology 87(6):1498-1501 (2001).

Pozio, E., D. Christensson, M. Stéen, G. Marucci, G. La Rosa, C. Bröjer, T. Mörner, H. Uhlhorn, E. Ågren, and M. Hall,
Trichinella pseudospiralis foci in Sweden,
Veterinary Parasitology 125(3-4):335-342 (2004).

Yepez-Mulia, L., C. Arriaga, M.A. Pena, F. Gual, and G. Ortega-Pierres,
Serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a Mexico City Zoo,
Veterinary Parasitology 67(3):237-246 (1996).

Zarnke, R.L., D.E. Worley, J.M. Ver Hoef, and M.E. McNay,
Trichinella sp. in wolves from interior Alaska,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35(1):94-97 (1999).

Health - Infectious Agents - Worms - General

Craig, H.L. and P.S. Craig,
Helminth parasites of wolves (Canis lupus): A species list and an analysis of published prevalence studies in Nearctic and Palaearctic populations,
Journal of Helminthology 79(2):95-103 (2005).

Marquard-Petersen, U.,
Endoparasites of Arctic wolves in Greenland,
Arctic 50(4):349-354 (1997).

Health - Infectious Agents - Protozoa

Gondim, L.F.P., M.M. McAllister, N.E. Mateus-Pinilla, W.C. Pitt, L.D. Mech, and M.E. Nelson,
Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals,
Journal of Parasitology 90(6):1361-1365 (2004).

Mech, L.D. and H.J. Kurtz,
First record of coccidiosis in wolves, Canis lupus,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 113(2):305-306 (1999).

Mohebali, M., H. Hajjaran, Y. Hamzavi, I. Mobedi, S. Arshi, Z. Zarei, B. Akhoundi, K.M. Naeini, R. Avizeh, and M. Fakhar,
Epidemiological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the Islamic Republic of Iran,
Veterinary Parasitology 129(3-4):243-251 (2005).

Zarnke, R.L., J.P. Dubey, O.C.H. Kwok, and J.M. Ver Hoef,
Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in selected wildlife species from Alaska,
Journal of Wildlife Dieases 36(2):219-224 (2000).

Health - Infectious Agents - Viruses

Health - Infectious Agents - Viruses - Canine Coronavirus

Zarnke, R.L., J. Evermann, J.M.V. Hoef, M.E. McNay, R.D. Boertje, C.L. Gardner, L.G. Adams, B.W. Dale, and J. Burch,
Serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from Alaska,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37(4):740-745 (2001).

Health - Infectious Agents - Viruses - Canine Distemper

Baumgartner, W., S. Alldinger, A. Beineke, S. Groters, C. Herden, U. Kaim, G. Muller, F. Seeliger, P. Van Moll, and P. Wohlsein,
Canine distemper virus - an agent looking for new hosts,
Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 110(4):137+ (2003).

Johnson, M.R., D.K. Boyd, and D.H. Pletscher,
Serologic investigations of canine parvovirus and canine distemper in relation to wolf (Canis lupus) pup mortalities,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30(2):270-273 (1994).

Also see:
Hedrick, P.W., R.N. Lee, and C. Buchanan (2003) in Genetics.

Health - Infectious Agents - Viruses - Canine Parvovirus

Battilani, M., A. Scagliarini, E. Tisato, C. Turilli, I. Jacoboni, R. Casadio, and S. Prosperi,
Analysis of canine parvovirus sequences from wolves and dogs isolated in Italy,
Journal of General Virology 82(7):1555-1560 (2001).

Bhat, M.N., R. Manickam, L. Gunaseelan, and N. Paneerselvam,
Detection of parvoviral antigen in wild canines,
Indian Veterinary Journal 75(2):104-105 (1998).

Martinello, F., F. Galuppo, F. Ostanello, V. Guberti, and S. Prosperi,
Detection of canine parvovirus in wolves from Italy,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(3):628-631 (1997).

Mech, L.D. and S.M. Goyal,
Canine parvovirus effect on wolf population change and pup survival,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29(2):330-333 (1993).

Mech, L.D. and S.M. Goyal,
Correction: Canine parvovirus effect on wolf population change and pup survival (Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29(2):330-333 (1993)),
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30(3):479 (1994).

Mech, L.D. and S.M. Goyal,
Effects of canine parvovirus on gray wolves in Minnesota,
Journal of Wildlife Management 59(3):565-570 (1995).

Mech, L.D., H.J. Kurtz, and S. Goyal,
Death of a wild wolf from canine parvoviral enteritis,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(2):321-322 (1997).

Muneer, M.A., I.O. Farah, K.A. Pomeroy, S.M. Goyal, and L.D. Mech,
Detection of parvoviruses in wolf feces by electron microscopy,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24(1):170-172 (1988).

Also see:
Hedrick, P.W., R.N. Lee, and C. Buchanan (2003) in Genetics,
Johnson, M.R., D.K. Boyd, and D.H. Pletscher (1994) in Health - Infectious Agents - Viruses - Canine Distemper.

Health - Infectious Agents - Viruses - Rabies

Ballard, W.B. and P.R. Krausman,
Occurrence of rabies in wolves of Alaska,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(2):242-245 (1997).

Federoff, N.E.,
Antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus),
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32(1):127-128 (2001).

Kuzmin, I.V., A.D. Botvinkin, L.M. McElhinney, J.S. Smith, L.A. Orciari, G.J. Hughes, A.R. Fooks, and C.E. Rupprecht,
Molecular epidemiology of terrestrial rabies in the former Soviet Union,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(4):617-631 (2004).

Satputey, P.G. and G.Y. Satputey,
Incidence of rabies in a wolf with severe zoonotic implication,
Indian Veterinary Journal 80(11):1180 (2003).

Theberge, J.B., G.J. Forbes, I.K. Barker, and T. Bollinger,
Rabies in wolves of the Great Lakes region,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30(4):563-566 (1994).

Weiler, G.J., G.W. Garner, and D.G. Ritter,
Occurrence of rabies in a wolf population in northeastern Alaska,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31(1):79-82 (1995).

Health - Infectious Agents - Viruses - West Nile Virus

Lanthier, I., M. Hebert, D. Tremblay, J. Harel, A.D. Dallaire, and C. Girard,
Natural West Nile virus infection in a captive juvenile Arctic wolf (Canis lupus),
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16(4):326-329 (2004).

Lichtensteiger, C.A., K. Heinz-Taheny, T.S. Osborne, R.J. Novak, B.A. Lewis, and M.L. Firth,
West Nile virus encephalitis and myocarditis in wolf and dog,
Emerging Infectious Diseases 9(10):1303-1306 (2003).

Health - Infectious Agents - Antibodies

Philippa, j.D.W., F.A. Leighton, P.Y. Daoust, O. Nielsen, M. Pagliarulo, H. Schwantje, T. Shury, R. Van Herwijnen, B.E.E. Martina, T. Kuiken, M.W.G. Van de Bildt, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus,
Antibodies to selected pathogens in free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals in Canada,
Veterinary Record 155(5):135-140 (2004).

Zarnke, R.L., J.M. Ver Hoef, and R.A. DeLong,
Serologic survey for selected disease agents in wolves (Canis lupus) from Alaska and the Yukon Territory, 1984-2000,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(4):632-638 (2004).

Health - Miscellaneous

Creel, S., J.E. Fox, A. Hardy, J. Sands, B. Garrott, and R.O. Peterson,
Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk,
Conservation Biology 16(3):809-814 (2002).

Kreeger, T.J., V.B. Kuechle, L.D. Mech, J.R. Tester, and U.S. Seal,
Physiological monitoring of gray wolves (Canis lupus) by radiotelemetry,
Journal of Mammalogy 71(2):258-261 (1990).

LaJeunesse, T.A. and R.O. Peterson,
Marrow and kidney fat as condition indices in gray wolves,
Wildlife Society Bulletin 21(1):87-90 (1993).

Mech, L.D.,
An example of endurance in an old wolf, Canis lupus,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 111(4):654-655 (1997).

Neu, H. and D.B. von Rautenfeld,
Primary congenital lymphoedema in 7 young Labrador dogs, a German shepherd dog and a Canadian wolf,
Kleintierpraxis 39(6):383-405 (1994).

Thomas, P.A.,
Dosimetry of ²¹⁰Po in humans, caribou, and wolves in northern Canada,
Health Physics 66(6):678-690 (1994).

Wobeser, G.,
Traumatic, degenerative, and developmental lesions in wolves and coyotes from Saskatchewan,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28(2):268-275 (1992).

Health - Skeleton

Health - Skeleton - Skeletal Injuries

Kielbowicz, Z., J. Biezynski, and J. Kuryszko,
Osteosynthesis of a wolf tibial fracture using the ZESPOL technique,
Medycyna Weterynaryjna 59(1):61-63 (2003) (In Polish with English summary).

Mallory, F.F., T.L. Hillis, C.G. Blomme, and W.G. Hurst,
Skeletal injuries of an adult timber wolf, Canis lupus, in northern Ontario,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 108(2):230-232 (1994).

Pasitschniak-Arts, M., M.E. Taylor, and L.D. Mech,
Note on skeletal injuries in an adult Arctic wolf,
Arctic and Alpine Research 20(3):360-365 (1988).

Ligament Damage

Venzin, C., J. Howard, U. Rytz, D. Spreng, P. Schawalder, M. Doherr, and M. Schmökel,
Tibial plateau angles with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture - Comparison between different dog populations and a wolf population,
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 17(4):232-236 (2004).

Health - Skeleton - Skull & Teeth

Andersone, Z. and J. Ozolins,
Craniometrical characteristics and dental anomalies in wolves Canis lupus from Latvia,
Acta Theriologica 45(4):549-558 (2000).

Van Valkenburgh, B.,
Incidence of tooth breakage among large predatory mammals,
American Naturalist 131(2):291-302 (1988).

Vilà, C., V. Urios, and J. Castroviejo,
Tooth losses and anomalies in the wolf (Canis lupus),
Canadian Journal of Zoology 71(5):968-971 (1993).

Health - Tumors

Mukaratirwa, S. and E. Gruys,
Canine transmissible venereal tumour: Cytogenetic origin, immunophenotype, and immunobiology. A review,
Veterinary Quarterly 25(3):102-111 (2003).

Wheler, C.L. and A.M. Pocknell,
Ectopic perianal gland tumor in a timber wolf,
Canadian Veterinary Journal 37(1):41-42 (1996).

Adams, L.G., F.J. Singer, and B.W. Dale,
Caribou calf mortality in Denali National Park, Alaska,
Journal of Wildlife Management 59(3):584-594 (1995).

Andersone, Z. and J. Ozolins,
Food habits of wolves Canis lupus in Latvia,
Acta Theriologica 49(3):357-367 (2004).

Ballard, W.B.,
Modelled impacts of wolf and bear predation on moose calf survival,
Alces 28:79-88 (1992).

Ballard, W.B., L.A. Ayres, P.R. Krausman, D.J. Reed, and S.G. Fancy,
Ecology of wolves in relation to a migratory caribou herd in northwest Alaska,
Wildlife Monographs (135):1-47 (1997) (Supplement to The Journal of Wildlife Management Vol. 61, No. 2, April 1997).

Ballard, W.B., D. Lutz, T.W. Keegan, L.H. Carpenter, and J.C. deVos,
Deer-predator relationships: A review of recent North American studies with emphasis on mule and black-tailed deer,
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1):99-115 (2001).

Ballard, W.B., H.A. Whitlaw, B.F. Wakeling, R.L. Brown, J.C. deVos, Jr., and M.C. Wallace,
Survival of female elk in northern Arizona,
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(2):500-504 (2000).

Bergerud, A.T.,
Caribou, wolves and man,
Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3(3):68-72 (1988).

Bergerud, A.T. and W.B. Ballard,
Wolf predation on caribou: The Nelchina herd case history, a different interpretation,
Journal of Wildlife Management 52(2):344-357 (1988).

Bergerud, A.T. and W.B. Ballard,
Wolf predation on the Nelchina caribou herd: A reply,
Journal of Wildlife Management 53(1):251-259 (1989).

Bergerud, A.T. and J.P. Elliot,
Wolf predation in a multiple-ungulate system in northern British Columbia,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 76(8):1551-1569 (1998).

Bertram, M.R. and N.T. Vivion,
Moose mortality in eastern interior Alaska,
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3):747-756 (2002).

Biquand, S., V. Urios, A. Boug, C. Vilà, J. Castroviejo, and I. Nader,
Fishes as diet of a wolf (Canis lupus arabs) in Saudi Arabia,
Mammalia 58(3):492-494 (1994).

Bjorge, R.R. and J.R. Gunson,
Wolf, Canis lupus, population characteristics and prey relationships near Simonette River, Alberta,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 103(3):327-334 (1989).

Boertje, R.D. and R.O. Stephenson,
Effects of ungulate availability on wolf reproductive potential in Alaska,
Canadian Journal of Zoology 70(12):2441-2443 (1992).

Boertje, R.D., P. Valkenburg, and M.E. McNay,
Increases in moose, caribou, and wolves following wolf control in Alaska,
Journal of Wildlife Management 60(3):474-489 (1996).

Boman, M.,
Estimating costs and genetic benefits of various sizes of predator populations: The case of bear, wolf, wolverine and lynx in Sweden,
Journal of Environmental Management 43(4):349-357 (1995).

Boutin, S.,
Predation and moose population dynamics: A critique,
Journal of Wildlife Management 56(1):116-127 (1992).

Boyd, D.K., R.R. Ream, D.H. Pletscher, and M.W. Fairchild,
Prey taken by colonizing wolves and hunters in the Glacier National Park area,
Journal of Wildlife Management 58(2):289-295 (1994).

Bryant, A.A. and R.E. Page,
Timing and causes of mortality in the endangered Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis),
Canadian Journal of Zoology 83(5):674-682 (2005).

Capitani, C., I. Bertelli, P. Varuzza, M. Scandura, and M. Apollonio,
A comparative analysis of wolf (Canis lupus) diet in three different Italian ecosystems,
Mammalian Biology 69(1):1-10 (2004).

Carbyn, L.N.,
Unusual movement by bison, Bison bison, in response to wolf, Canis lupus, predation,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 111(3):461-462 (1997).

Carbyn, L.N. and T. Trottier,
Descriptions of wolf attacks on bison calves in Wood Buffalo National Park,
Arctic 41(4):297-302 (1988).

Childress, M.J. and M.A. Lung,
Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: Does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics?,
Animal Behaviour 66(2):389-398 (2003).

Ciucci, P., L. Boitani, E.R. Pelliccioni, M. Rocco, and I. Guy,
A comparison of scat-analysis methods to assess the diet of the wolf Canis lupus,
Wildlife Biology 2(1):37-48 (1996).

Corti, P. and D.M. Shackleton,
Relationship between predation-risk factors and sexual segregation in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli),
Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(12):2108-2117 (2002).

Coté, S.D., A. Peracino, and G. Simard,
Wolf, Canis lupus, predation and maternal defensive behavior in mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus,
Canadian Field-Naturalist 111(3):389-392 (1997).

Cotoreave, P.,
Bringing back the wolf,
Journal of Zoology (London) 239(4):833-834 (1996) (Editorial).

Couturier, S., J. Brunelle, D. Vandal, and G. St.-Martin,
Changes in the population dynamics of the George River caribou herd, 1976-87 (1990),
Arctic 43(1):9-20 (1990).

Cozza, K., R. Fico, M.-L. Battistini, and E. Rogers,
The damage-conservation interface illustrated by predation on domestic livestock in central Italy,
Biological Conservation 78(3):329-336 (1996).

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